Indeed, baikiain 8 and its oxidized metabolite, 4,5-epoxypipecolicĪcid, 9 are reported as strong, time-dependent, Or 4- or 5-hydroxypipecolic acids (via hydration) that induce glutathioneĭepletion and inactivation of detoxifying enzymes. Intermediates 4,5-epoxypipecolic acid (via CYP-mediated oxidation) However, under physiologicalĬonditions, it is plausible that baikiain could metabolize into reactive Previously isolated from Caesalpinia spinosa( 6) and from the toxic mushroom Russula subnigricans, 7 no published toxicology studies haveīeen reported on the pure compound baikiain. The tara flour: ( S)-(−)-baikiain (3% w/w onĭry weight basis), L-3-hydroxymethyltyrosine (1.5%)Īnd L-3-hydroxymethylphenylalanine (0.6%). Three major nonprotein amino acids (from left to right:ģ-HMT, and 3-HMP) were identified in tara protein flour.Īll three nonprotein amino acids were present at Harvest tara flour, as shown in Figure Figure1 1. Mass, NMR,Īnd optical rotation data confirmed the identity of two functionalizedĪmino acids, L-3-hydroxymethyltyrosine (3-HMT) and L-3-hydroxymethylphenylalanine (3-HMP) 6 and ( S)-(−)-baikiain 7 ( Figures S5, S6, and S7), in the extract of tara cotyledons reference material and Daily With several small molecule (nonprotein) amino acids, fatty acids,Īnd sugars ( Figures S3 and S4). In the outer pericarp, inner testa, and tegmen regions ( Figure S2). Seed cross-section confirmed that the total phenols were mostly localized Histochemical analysis of a ferric chloride-stained For example, analysis of hydrolyzable mono, di, tri, and tetra O-galloylquinic acids (tannins) helped establish that taraįlour originated from the cotyledons without significant contaminationįrom the husk. Verified voucher sample was used to establish the comparative analyticalįingerprints using LC-QToF-MS ( Figure S1). With tara protein flour used in the Crumbles product, a botanically Sequence similarity to the sequence of Tara spinosa ( Table S1). Of the ITS, psbA-trnH, trnL-trnF, and matK genomic regions and BLASTĪnalysis against the NCBI databases resulted in 98.6–100% of Materials used in Daily Harvest’s Crumbles product. Protein flour was instrumental in ensuring the authenticity of raw A high-quality DNA extracted from the tara ICP-MS analysis of lead,Ĭhromium, cadmium, and arsenic showed that the product was withinĪcceptable, safe limits. Microcystins, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Other toxicĬompounds were absent, including amatoxins, phallotoxins, aflatoxins, Raw material was determined to be free from intentional, accidental,Īnd economic adulteration or spiking with synthetics. The Crumbles product was free from common food toxicants. Initial analytical/chemical studies focused Quality and safety of the tara flour ingredient within the Daily Harvest’s Was to undertake a multipronged pharmacognosy approach to assess the Industrial production of tannins, while the seeds are used as a source Mass) of the fruit and are rich in hydrolyzable tannins (between 40–60%īy mass), 4 which are used mainly for the Tara pods (without seeds) represent approximately 65% (by Supply) as a rich source of tannins based on a galloyl quinic acid 3 Tara spinosa is primarily cultivated in Peru (responsible for >80% of the Is one of the three accepted species in the genus Tara (Leguminosae). (synonym: Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze) which Ingredient manufactured from the seeds of the South American tree Tara spinosa (Feuillé ex Molina) Britton & Rose ON, Canada) Mango and Pineapple smoothies which also contain tara Were reported for consumption of the Revive Superfoods (Oakville, Compellingly, similar adverse health events Was unique to this product (it had never been used in any other product Harvest suspected tara flour was the potential problem since the ingredient 2 Out of the 27 components in the Crumbles, Daily Major allergens, heavy metals, pesticides, hepatitis A, and norovirus. Results for common food toxicants-microbial pathogens, mycotoxins, Of the frozen food product resulted in negative Product (1 serving size, 113 g) due to gastrointestinal (GI) issues.Ĭase counts received by the FDA total 393 adverse illness events andġ33 hospitalizations related to the consumption of this product withinģ9 US states due to complaints of GI, liver, gallbladder, and(or) Their newly launched French Lentil & Leek Crumbles frozen food (New York, NY) issued a voluntary recall of about 28,000 units of
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